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Microchip Technology MCP4451T-104E/ST
- Part No.:
- MCP4451T-104E/ST
- Manufacturer:
- Microchip Technology
- Category:
- Digital Potentiometers
- Package:
- 20-TSSOP (0.173", 4.40mm Width)
- Datasheet:
-
MCP4451T-104E/ST.pdf
- Description:
- IC DGT POT 100KOHM 257TP 20TSSOP
- Quantity:
- Payment:
- Shipping:
Inventory:1,228
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Product details
Overview
MCP4451T-104E/ST from Microchip Technology is an 8-bit volatile quad digital potentiometer with I²C interface, configured as four independent potentiometers (not rheostats), each offering 257-tap resolution and a nominal end-to-end resistance of 100 kΩ. It operates from 1.8V to 5.5V, supports I²C speeds up to 3.4 MHz, and features low wiper resistance (75 Ω typical) for precision analog control in sensor biasing and power supply feedback loops.
For engineers reviewing the MCP4451T-104E/ST datasheet, MCP4451T-104E/ST pinout, MCP4451T-104E/ST application, or MCP4451T-104E/ST equivalent, key selection criteria include its 100 kΩ RAB value, TSSOP-20 package, mid-scale power-on wiper reset, resistor terminal disconnect capability via TCON registers, and extended temperature range (–40°C to +125°C).
Technical Context
The MCP4451T-104E/ST implements four independent 8-bit RAB resistor networks, each with A/W/B terminals and volatile wiper register control via I²C. Its architecture includes dual TCON registers (TCON0/TCON1) enabling per-pot terminal disconnect-critical for eliminating leakage paths during standby or reconfiguration.
It uses standard I²C slave addressing with hardware address pins A1 and HVC/A0, supports high-voltage tolerant digital inputs (up to 12.5 V), and incorporates brown-out reset protection (1.65 V typical threshold) and internal weak pull-ups on all digital inputs except SDA/SCL.
Key Specifications
| Parameter | Value and Actual Design Meaning |
|---|---|
| RAB Resistance | 100 kΩ ±20% - defines full-scale analog voltage division ratio and sets maximum current handling (≤69 µA at 5.5 V across RAB) |
| Resolution | 8-bit / 257 taps - enables fine-grained adjustment with 0.39% step resolution (1/256) for stable closed-loop tuning |
| Wiper Resistance | 75 Ω typical - minimizes insertion error in low-impedance signal paths and preserves linearity under load |
| I²C Speed Support | Up to 3.4 MHz - allows rapid wiper updates for dynamic calibration or real-time gain adjustment without bus contention |
| Tempco (Ratiometric) | 15 ppm/°C typical - ensures stable voltage-divider ratio over temperature, critical for precision reference scaling |
| Operating Voltage | 1.8 V to 5.5 V - supports direct interfacing with 1.8 V logic and compatibility with 3.3 V/5 V mixed-signal systems |
| Temperature Range | –40°C to +125°C - qualified for automotive under-hood, industrial motor control, and harsh-environment embedded use |
Pinout & Package
TSSOP-20 package (4.4 mm × 6.5 mm, 0.65 mm pitch) with exposed pad for thermal enhancement; 20-pin surface-mount layout optimized for compact analog-digital co-location.
| Pin/Terminal | Circuit Role | Design Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| VDD | Positive supply rail | Power source for internal logic and resistor networks; must be decoupled locally (0.1 µF ceramic) |
| VSS | Ground reference | Common return for analog and digital sections; connect to system ground plane with low-inductance path |
| SCL | I²C clock input | Drives synchronous communication; requires external pull-up (typically 2.2–10 kΩ to VDD) |
| SDA | I²C data bidirectional line | Open-drain interface; shares pull-up with SCL; supports multi-master arbitration |
| HVC/A0 | High-voltage enable / I²C address LSB | Configures device address (0x2C or 0x2D) when <5 V; enables WiperLock mode at ≥9 V |
| A1 | I²C address MSB | Sets upper address bit; tied high/low to select one of four possible I²C addresses (0x2C–0x2F) |
| RESET | Active-low asynchronous reset | Forces all wipers to mid-scale (128) and clears TCON registers; debounced internally |
| P0A–P0B, P1A–P1B, P2A–P2B, P3A–P3B | Resistor network terminals | Four independent potentiometer channels; A/B define end points, W is wiper (available separately as PxA/PxW/PxB) |
| P0W, P1W, P2W, P3W | Wiper outputs | Analog output nodes; routed externally for feedback, bias, or gain control; low impedance (75 Ω) improves drive capability |
| NC | No-connect | Pin 17 is unconnected; must be left floating or grounded per PCB design rules (no internal connection) |
Key Features
| Feature | Design Value |
|---|---|
| Quad independent 8-bit potentiometers | Enables simultaneous calibration of four analog paths (e.g., multi-channel sensor conditioning or quad-opamp gain setting) |
| Terminal disconnect via TCON registers | Allows software-controlled isolation of A/W/B terminals to eliminate leakage, reduce power, or prevent unintended loading |
| Mid-scale POR wiper default | Guarantees known startup state (128/256) without external initialization, simplifying power-up sequencing |
| High-voltage tolerant digital inputs (≤12.5 V) | Permits direct connection to 5 V, 10 V, or split-rail analog domains without level-shifting circuitry |
| Extended temperature operation (–40°C to +125°C) | Validated performance across automotive and industrial ambient ranges without derating or external compensation |
| Low 15 ppm/°C ratiometric tempco | Maintains precise voltage division ratio over temperature-essential for stable reference scaling and sensor excitation |
Applications
| LED Current Control | DC-DC Feedback Calibration |
|---|---|
Use Scenario: Adjusting brightness of high-brightness LEDs in automotive lighting modules where thermal drift must be minimized. IC Role / Device Role / Timing Role: Four-channel analog current setpoint generator, with each potentiometer controlling a separate LED string's sense resistor voltage. Use Value: 15 ppm/°C ratiometric tempco ensures consistent luminance across –40°C to +125°C ambient, eliminating manual recalibration. |
Use Scenario: Fine-tuning output voltage of isolated DC-DC converters in telecom power supplies requiring ±0.5% regulation accuracy. IC Role / Device Role / Timing Role: Precision voltage divider in feedback loop of TL431-based shunt regulator; wiper updated dynamically during factory trim. Use Value: 257-tap resolution enables 0.39% step granularity, achieving tighter than 0.2% final output tolerance after calibration. |
| Sensor Signal Conditioning | Programmable Gain Amplifier |
Use Scenario: Biasing and offset correction for MEMS pressure sensors in industrial process monitoring systems. IC Role / Device Role / Timing Role: Dual potentiometers configure excitation voltage and bridge offset null; remaining two adjust amplifier gain and reference level. Use Value: Low 75 Ω wiper resistance prevents gain error in high-impedance sensor bridges, preserving measurement fidelity. |
Use Scenario: Configurable gain stage in medical ECG front-end where programmability supports multiple lead configurations. IC Role / Device Role / Timing Role: Sets feedback resistor ratio for instrumentation amplifier; updated via I²C during mode change (e.g., 1× → 100× gain). Use Value: 3.4 MHz I²C support enables sub-10 µs gain switching-faster than ADC conversion time, avoiding signal interruption. |
Equivalent & Alternatives
The following parts are listed as comparable options for similar digital potentiometer applications.
| Alternative Part | Technical Difference | Application Difference | Selection Advice |
|---|---|---|---|
| MCP4461T-104E/ST | Nonvolatile (EEPROM) wiper memory; WiperLock enabled; same 100 kΩ RAB, 8-bit, TSSOP-20 | Retains last wiper position after power cycle; required for "set-and-forget" calibration in unattended equipment | Select when persistent wiper state is mandatory; note higher write-cycle endurance limit (1M cycles vs. unlimited RAM writes) |
| AD5204BRUZ100 | Quad 8-bit, 100 kΩ, SPI interface; no TCON terminal disconnect; 2.7–5.5 V operation; TSSOP-24 | Lacks I²C compatibility and terminal isolation; requires SPI host and additional GPIO for channel enable/disable | Choose when existing SPI infrastructure exists and terminal disconnect is not needed; verify pinout compatibility (24-pin vs. 20-pin) |
Compared with MCP4451T-104E/ST, MCP4461T-104E/ST adds nonvolatile storage at the cost of slower write times and finite endurance, while AD5204BRUZ100 trades I²C simplicity and TCON flexibility for SPI-native integration-neither offers drop-in replacement due to interface and feature mismatches.
Availability
MCP4451T-104E/ST is available at Aetrix Electronics and suitable for LED driver calibration, DC-DC feedback trimming, and sensor signal conditioning requiring stable component supply across automotive, industrial, and medical production programs.
Supply support for MCP4451T-104E/ST includes scheduled delivery planning, volume procurement assistance, BOM continuity management, traceable sourcing, and lifecycle availability coordination for OEM customers, industrial embedded developers, connected-device designers, and electronics production programs.
Manufacturer
Microchip Technology is a leading provider of microcontrollers, analog components, and connectivity solutions, headquartered in Chandler, Arizona, with global design and manufacturing operations.
The MCP44xx family delivers high-precision, I²C-compatible digital potentiometers engineered for closed-loop analog control in space-constrained, thermally demanding applications such as power management and sensor interfaces.
FAQ
What is the power-on wiper position for MCP4451T-104E/ST?
The MCP4451T-104E/ST initializes all four wipers to mid-scale (128 out of 256 steps) upon power-up or reset. This deterministic start state eliminates undefined analog output conditions and simplifies system initialization without requiring host firmware to issue a first write command. The behavior is guaranteed by internal POR logic and applies regardless of VDD ramp rate within specification.
Can MCP4451T-104E/ST be used in rheostat configuration?
Yes, MCP4451T-104E/ST supports rheostat operation by connecting either terminal A or B to the wiper (W) externally, effectively using only two terminals per channel. However, the device is shipped and characterized as a potentiometer (three-terminal) device; rheostat performance-including INL/DNL and bandwidth-is specified separately in the datasheet and varies with RAB value and code setting.
Does MCP4451T-104E/ST support I²C clock stretching?
No, MCP4451T-104E/ST does not implement I²C clock stretching. It operates strictly as an I²C slave with fixed internal timing, completing all register reads/writes within the SCL period defined by the master. This ensures predictable bus latency but requires the host to manage timing margins-especially at 3.4 MHz-without relying on slave-driven clock hold.
What is the maximum capacitive load the wiper output of MCP4451T-104E/ST can drive?
The wiper output (PxW) of MCP4451T-104E/ST exhibits 120 pF typical capacitance (CW) at full-scale code and 1 MHz. While not specified as a driver, it can reliably interface with standard op-amp inputs (<10 pF) and ADC sample capacitors (<20 pF); for loads >50 pF, external buffering is recommended to maintain bandwidth and avoid settling errors.
How does the TCON register function in MCP4451T-104E/ST?
The MCP4451T-104E/ST uses two TCON registers (TCON0 for Pots 0–1, TCON1 for Pots 2–3) to digitally disconnect resistor terminals A, W, and B from their internal networks. Writing '0' to a TCON bit opens the corresponding terminal path, isolating it from the RAB ladder-enabling zero-leakage standby, safe reconfiguration, or elimination of parasitic paths in multiplexed analog systems.
MCP4451T-104E/ST Specifications
- Product attributes
- Attribute value
- Manufacturer:
- Microchip Technology
- Series:
- -
- Package/Case:
- 20-TSSOP (0.173", 4.40mm Width)
- Packaging:
- Tape & Reel (TR)
- Product Status:
- Active
- Programmable:
- Not Verified
- Taper:
- Linear
- Configuration:
- Potentiometer
- Number of Circuits:
- 4
- Number of Taps:
- 257
- Resistance (Ohms):
- 100k
- Interface:
- I2C
- Memory Type:
- Volatile
- Voltage - Supply:
- 1.8V ~ 5.5V
- Features:
- Mute, Selectable Address
- Tolerance:
- ±20%
- Temperature Coefficient (Typ):
- 150ppm/°C
- Mounting Type:
- Surface Mount
- Grade:
- -
- Qualification:
- -
- Supplier Device Package:
- 20-TSSOP
- Operating Temperature:
- -40°C ~ 125°C
- Resistance - Wiper (Ohms) (Typ):
- 75
MCP4451T-104E/ST FAQ
1.How can I place an order for MCP4451T-104E/ST through Aetrix?
Please submit a Request for Quotation (RFQ) for MCP4451T-104E/ST on Aetrix. Our sales agent will provide a competitive quotation and guide you through the order confirmation once you accept the terms.
2.Are the price and stock information for MCP4451T-104E/ST reliable?
The price and inventory of MCP4451T-104E/ST are updated periodically and may fluctuate due to market conditions. Stock and pricing data are typically refreshed every 24 hours. Quotation validity for MCP4451T-104E/ST is usually 5 days.
3.What payment methods are accepted for MCP4451T-104E/ST?
We accept Wire Transfer, PayPal, Credit Card, Western Union, MoneyGram, and Escrow for MCP4451T-104E/ST transactions.
Note: Certain payment methods may incur a processing fee.
4.How is shipping managed for MCP4451T-104E/ST?
MCP4451T-104E/ST orders can be shipped via leading logistics carriers, including DHL, UPS, FedEx, TNT, or Registered Mail.
Once your MCP4451T-104E/ST order is processed, you will receive an email with the shipment details and tracking number.
Note: Tracking information may take up to 24 hours to appear. Express delivery typically takes 3–5 business days.
5.How can I obtain technical support or documentation for MCP4451T-104E/ST?
For technical support, including MCP4451T-104E/ST datasheets, pinout diagrams, or application guidance, please contact our engineering support team. They can provide detailed documentation and assistance for your MCP4451T-104E/ST requirements.
6.How does Aetrix verify that MCP4451T-104E/ST is sourced from the original manufacturer or authorized distributors?
All MCP4451T-104E/ST products on Aetrix are procured from qualified distributors and authorized channels. Our dedicated quality assurance team conducts strict verification, including traceability checks and, if necessary, third-party testing. This ensures that MCP4451T-104E/ST meets industry standards.
7.What is the process for return or replacement of MCP4451T-104E/ST?
All MCP4451T-104E/ST units undergo pre-shipment inspection (PSI). If there is an issue with MCP4451T-104E/ST, returns or replacements are accepted under the following conditions:
1.Quantity discrepancies, incorrect items, or visible external defects (such as breakage or corrosion), acknowledged by Aetrix.
2.The issue is reported within 90 days of delivery.
3.The MCP4451T-104E/ST part is unused and in its original packaging.
Return procedure for MCP4451T-104E/ST:
1.Submit a request within 90 days.
2.Obtain a Return Material Authorization (RMA) from Aetrix.
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